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Aspect of nuclear deterrence strategy
Nuclear sharing is a concept in deterrence theory in which a nuclear-armed country deploys nuclear weapons on the territory of a country that does not
Nuclear_sharing
possess nuclear weapons, though only eight formally acknowledge possessing them. In order of first successful nuclear test, the world's nine nuclear-armed
List of states with nuclear weapons
List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons
Type of international nuclear weapons policy
alternative to acquiring nuclear weapons themselves; other alternatives include regional nuclear-weapon-free zones or nuclear sharing. Nuclear umbrellas are also
Nuclear_umbrella
Nuclear bomb
tactical nuclear weapon, with 200 stockpiled, approximately 100 in the US, and another 100 in certain European NATO member states under its nuclear sharing arrangement
B61_nuclear_bomb
Inactive unit of the German Air Force
wing had a dual task, both conventional and nuclear attack. As part of the nuclear sharing program, US nuclear weapons were stored at Memmingen Air Base
Jagdbombergeschwader_34
International treaty
negotiated, NATO had in place secret nuclear weapons sharing agreements whereby the United States provided nuclear weapons to be deployed by, and stored
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons
become less salient since the end of the Cold War. Two nuclear-armed states have nuclear sharing arrangements, stationing their weapons in six other countries:
Nuclear_weapon
Eisenhower sought to encourage a program of sharing nuclear information related to civilian nuclear power and nuclear physics in general. The Atoms for Peace
Nuclear weapons of the United States
Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States
Air warfare branch of the German military
participating in NATO's nuclear sharing concept. Nuclear sharing is a concept that involves member countries without nuclear weapons of their own in the
German_Air_Force
Panavia Tornado IDS fighter-bombers. The weapons are under NATO's nuclear sharing operations. The aircraft will be replaced by German F-35A Lightning
Germany and weapons of mass destruction
Germany_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Military air base in Germany
countries with B61 nuclear bombs in underground WS3 Weapon Storage and Security System inside aircraft shelters, per nuclear sharing. Since 1996 there
Büchel_Air_Base
Nuclear weapon designed for use on a battlefield
Russia reduced the salience of nuclear weapons in general. By the early 2000s, the US maintained its legacy nuclear-sharing deployments of B61 bombs (versions
Tactical_nuclear_weapon
Legally binding international agreement to prohibit nuclear weapons
the treaty, nor have any of the states that participate in nuclear sharing or extended nuclear deterrence relationships, including NATO members, Australia
Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons
Policymaking body within NATO
eased restrictions on nuclear information sharing. The development of the US-NATO Information Agreement also allowed for greater sharing of information. In
NATO_Nuclear_Planning_Group
Arabia maintains a nuclear weapons program. From an official and public standpoint, Saudi Arabia has been an opponent of nuclear weapons in the Middle
Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia
Nuclear_program_of_Saudi_Arabia
Military unit
in NATO's nuclear sharing concept. Jagdbombergeschwader 33 is the only remaining unit in the German Air Force capable of delivering nuclear weapons. In
Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 33
Taktisches_Luftwaffengeschwader_33
be certified or assigned to carry nuclear weapons, including individual variants. Italics indicate a nuclear sharing mission, where one country operates
List of nuclear-capable aircraft
List_of_nuclear-capable_aircraft
Hypothetical future global conflict
[update] 180 tactical B61 nuclear bombs of the 480 US nuclear weapons believed to be deployed in Europe fall under the nuclear sharing arrangement. The weapons
World_War_III
facilities so Soviet nuclear weapons could be made available to Polish forces in the event of war, mirroring the NATO nuclear sharing concept. Three storage
Poland and weapons of mass destruction
Poland_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Combined military forces of Turkey
Forces. Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy, and
Turkish_Armed_Forces
that Japan should consider a nuclear sharing arrangement with the US similar to NATO. This includes housing American nuclear weapons on Japanese soil for
United States nuclear weapons in Japan
United_States_nuclear_weapons_in_Japan
Italy does not produce or possess nuclear weapons, but takes part in the NATO nuclear sharing program, hosting B61 nuclear bombs at the Aviano and Ghedi Air
Italian nuclear weapons program
Italian_nuclear_weapons_program
Treaty-defined zone in which nuclear weapons are prohibited
only the United States is known to share its nuclear weapons. As of 2009, US nuclear warheads were stored for sharing purposes in Belgium, Germany, Italy
Nuclear-weapon-free_zone
producer of nuclear power, while France has the largest share of electricity generated by nuclear power, at about 65%. Some countries operated nuclear reactors
Nuclear_power_by_country
Military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons
parties. The internationalization of deterrence, including via nuclear sharing and nuclear umbrellas, became a key strategy for states seeking to project
Deterrence_theory
itself, the country participates in NATO's nuclear weapons sharing arrangements and trains for delivering US nuclear weapons. These weapons were first stored
Netherlands and weapons of mass destruction
Netherlands_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
1960s proposal of nuclear-armed NATO warships
proposal of the early 1950s to create a multinational European army Nuclear sharing - a similar policy currently in practice. Paul Y. Hammond, LBJ and
Multilateral_Force
that possess nuclear weapons. Pakistan is not party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Pakistan's arsenal is estimated at 170 nuclear weapons as of
Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
American stealth multirole fighter aircraft
central nuclear weapons delivery vehicle for US nuclear sharing in NATO countries, with associated USAF munitions squadrons armed with B61 Mod 12 nuclear bombs
Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II
Military airfield in Belgium
10th Tactical Wing, which operates F-16 Fighting Falcons. As part of nuclear sharing it is also the home of the United States Air Force's 701st Munitions
Kleine_Brogel_Air_Base
Future class of US Navy nuclear ballistic missile submarines
Ohio Replacement Submarine and SSBN-X Future Follow-on Submarine) are nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines of the United States Navy, designed
Columbia-class_submarine
international monitoring of its nuclear activities. During the Cold War, Greece participated in the nuclear sharing arrangements of North Atlantic Treaty
Greece and weapons of mass destruction
Greece_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Explosion from fission or fusion reaction
A nuclear explosion is an explosion that occurs as a result of the rapid release of energy from a high-speed nuclear reaction. The driving reaction may
Nuclear_explosion
British plans for the air defence
acquired in-part to deploy U.S. tactical nuclear weapons to bolster deterrence through NATO nuclear sharing. The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is
Future_of_the_Royal_Air_Force
Group of two parents and their children
A nuclear family – also called an elementary family, atomic family, or conjugal family – is a family group consisting of two parents and their children
Nuclear_family
Power generated from nuclear reactions
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion
Nuclear_power
Pisa was used for this aim. It was stopped in the '70s to join NATO nuclear sharing. For this sector Italy has produced the IRBM Alfa and other air vectors
Nuclear_power_in_Italy
Spread of nuclear weapons
of Nuclear Materials Management List of nuclear weapons tests List of states with nuclear weapons Nuclear disarmament Nuclear power Nuclear sharing Nuclear-weapon-free
Nuclear_proliferation
Military airfield in Italy
Force's 31st Fighter Wing and per nuclear sharing is one of six active air bases in five European countries with B61 nuclear bombs in underground WS3 Weapon
Aviano_Air_Base
Weapon that can kill many people or cause great damage
them to the Russian Federation. Countries where nuclear weapons are deployed through nuclear sharing agreements include Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands
Weapon_of_mass_destruction
Scenario of civilization collapse or human extinction by nuclear weapons
A nuclear holocaust, also known as a nuclear apocalypse, nuclear annihilation, nuclear armageddon, or atomic holocaust, is a theoretical scenario where
Nuclear_holocaust
Generation in Nuclear (NA-YGN). The Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) is an industry group whose activities include lobbying, experience sharing between companies
Nuclear power in the United States
Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States
Korea had plans for significant expansion of its nuclear power industry, and to increase nuclear's share of generation to 60% by 2035. Eleven more reactors
Nuclear_power_in_South_Korea
has been nuclear power, with a generation of 379.5 TWh in 2019 and a total electricity production of 537.7 TWh. In 2018, the nuclear share was 71.67%
Nuclear_power_in_France
to possess nuclear weapons. Estimates of Israel's stockpile range from 90 to 400 warheads, and the country is believed to possess a nuclear triad of delivery
Israel_and_nuclear_weapons
Federation possesses the world's largest arsenal of nuclear weapons, consisting of 5,420 nuclear warheads, of which 1,794 have been deployed. It also
Russia and weapons of mass destruction
Russia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
airstrikes on nuclear facilities in Iraq, Syria, and Iran. Additionally, United States nuclear weapons are stored in Turkey under NATO nuclear sharing. As of
Middle East nuclear weapon free zone
Middle_East_nuclear_weapon_free_zone
2011 nuclear accident in Japan
On 11 March 2011, a major nuclear accident started at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Ōkuma, Fukushima, Japan. The direct cause was the Tōhoku
Fukushima_nuclear_accident
Failed attempt by the Empire of Japan to develop nuclear technology
several programs exploring the use of nuclear fission for military technology, including nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Like the similar wartime programs
Japanese nuclear weapons programs
Japanese_nuclear_weapons_programs
Hungarian-American physicist (1908–2003)
having any nuclear weapons in Canada. After Diefenbaker was out of office, Canada went on to have nuclear weapons, from a US nuclear sharing agreement
Edward_Teller
This timeline of nuclear weapons development is a chronological catalog of the evolution of nuclear weapons rooting from the development of the science
Timeline of nuclear weapons development
Timeline_of_nuclear_weapons_development
Web platform part of Microsoft 365
SharePoint is a web-based collaborative platform primarily used for building corporate intranets, document and content management, and file sharing. Developed
SharePoint
Topics referred to by the same term
matters in the United States Marine Corps Dual-capable aircraft, used in nuclear sharing Christian Democracy for Autonomies, a former political party in Italy
DCA
December 1988 as part of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. The United States engages in nuclear sharing with seven NATO countries in Europe, including
Belgium and weapons of mass destruction
Belgium_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
State ability to develop nuclear weapons
Nuclear latency or a nuclear threshold state is the condition of a country possessing all the expertise, infrastructure, technology, and personnel needed
Nuclear_latency
World's atomic warhead designs, 1945–present
India are known to possess a nuclear triad, being capable to deliver nuclear weapons by land, sea and air. American nuclear weapons of all types – bombs
List_of_nuclear_weapons
2025 Pakistan–Saudi Arabia treaty
explicitly mention Pakistan's nuclear sharing with Saudi Arabia. It is the first military pact between an Arab Gulf state and a nuclear power. Pakistani Defence
Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement
Strategic_Mutual_Defence_Agreement
Label for international status of Italy
two nuclear bases and, as part of the NATO nuclear sharing program, therefore has a retaliatory nuclear capacity despite nominally being a non-nuclear state
Least_of_the_great_powers
Small US nuclear warhead
interceptor aircraft, and Canadian CF-101 Voodoo aircraft, as part of NATO nuclear sharing. The MB-1 entered service in 1957 and was eventually redesignated the
W25_(nuclear_warhead)
respectively (compare to 72.3% nuclear, 17.8% renewables and 8.6% fossil fuels in 2016). France has the largest share of nuclear electricity in the world,
Electricity_sector_in_France
Class of US nuclear ballistic missile submarines
The Ohio class of nuclear-powered submarines includes the United States Navy's 14 ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) and its 4 cruise missile submarines
Ohio-class_submarine
Hypothetical climatic effect of nuclear war
Nuclear winter is a severe and prolonged global climatic cooling effect that is hypothesized to occur after widespread urban firestorms following a large-scale
Nuclear_winter
Set of three types of nuclear-strike standoff weapons
A nuclear triad is a three-pronged military force structure of global-range land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), submarine-launched
Nuclear_triad
Intercontinental ballistic missile
New START treaty with Russia unless Obama agreed to revamp the US nuclear triad: nuclear weapons that could be launched from land, sea, and air. In a written
LGM-35_Sentinel
2025 diplomatic meeting in Germany
the Netherlands and Turkey being nuclear sharing participants and France and the UK maintaining their own nuclear weapons. Loss of this umbrella would
61st Munich Security Conference
61st_Munich_Security_Conference
List of incidents which could have led to a nuclear exchange
A nuclear close call is an incident that might have led to at least one nuclear explosion, but did not. They can be split into intentional use and unintentional
Nuclear_close_calls
Submarine-launched cruise missile/surface-combatant-launched
The Nuclear-Armed Sea-Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM-N) is a tactical nuclear weapon under development for the United States Navy since 2018. Proposed by
Nuclear-Armed Sea-Launched Cruise Missile
Nuclear-Armed_Sea-Launched_Cruise_Missile
Country primarily in Western Europe
Miscellaneous reports – Nuclear Share". pris.iaea.org. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2022. "Nuclear share figures, 2006–2016"
France
test nuclear weapons. The UK is one of nine nuclear-armed states, and one of five recognized by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom
Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_Kingdom
Military conflict that deploys nuclear weaponry
Nuclear warfare, also known as atomic warfare, is a military conflict or prepared political strategy that deploys nuclear weaponry. Nuclear weapons are
Nuclear_warfare
to have stationed nuclear weapons in Belarus. As of 2025[update], there is no conclusive open-source evidence that Russian nuclear warheads and gravity
Belarus and weapons of mass destruction
Belarus_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
warheads rests at 1,920 (subtracting 200 tactical B61s as part of Nato nuclear weapon sharing arrangements). The amount of warheads being actively disabled rests
United States and weapons of mass destruction
United_States_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Video game urban legend
Nuclear Gandhi is a video game urban legend purporting the existence of a software bug in the 1991 strategy video game Civilization that would eventually
Nuclear_Gandhi
nuclear program recounts the path that led France to develop a military nuclear program after World War II. The establishment of the French Nuclear Deterrence
History of France's military nuclear program
History_of_France's_military_nuclear_program
North Korea has the world's smallest stockpile of nuclear weapons, with an estimated 60 warheads and production of fissile material for six to seven warheads
North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
War novels by General Sir John Hackett
movements and anti-nuclear movements of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, and drastically scaled down their nuclear forces and nuclear sharing capabilities in
The Third World War (Hackett novels)
The_Third_World_War_(Hackett_novels)
Capacity of a state to deploy and sustain military forces outside its territory
Britain, and France have renounced the use of nuclear weapons in 2022. However, in the face of threats of nuclear war (say from Russia, as threatened during
Power_projection
Access control device for nuclear weapons
access control security device for nuclear weapons. Its purpose is to prevent unauthorized arming or detonation of a nuclear weapon. The United States federal
Permissive_action_link
Laboratory near Santa Fe, New Mexico
for designing and assembling nuclear weapons under the Manhattan Project during World War II. This included both nuclear weapons used in the atomic bombings
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory
Nuclear safety organization
and guidelines for nuclear power plant operations that are intended to promote "operational excellence" and improve the sharing of operational experience
Institute of Nuclear Power Operations
Institute_of_Nuclear_Power_Operations
British thermonuclear warhead
American W93 nuclear warhead, with which it will share the Mark 7 re-entry body and some non-nuclear components. Development of a replacement nuclear warhead
Astraea_(nuclear_warhead)
Submarine powered by a nuclear reactor
A nuclear submarine is a submarine powered by a nuclear reactor, but not necessarily nuclear-armed. Nuclear submarines have considerable performance advantages
Nuclear_submarine
carriers that add to the effect of charge-sharing. Especially in photon counting detectors, charge sharing can lead to errors in the signal count. Especially
Charge_sharing
Academic and policy-relevant field on problems in the nuclear weapons and energy complex
deterrence, nuclear arms control, nuclear disarmament, or nuclear energy are examined through one or more ethical or moral theories or frameworks. Nuclear ethics
Nuclear_ethics
scientists were invited to the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre, this cooperation leading to a joint effort including sharing of knowledge between French and
France and weapons of mass destruction
France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
List of great powers from the early modern period to the post-Cold War era
two nuclear bases and, as part of the NATO nuclear sharing program, therefore has a retaliatory nuclear capacity despite nominally being a non-nuclear state
List_of_modern_great_powers
Severe events involving radioactive materials
A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "an event that has led to significant consequences to
Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents
Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents
Device for controlled nuclear reactions
A nuclear reactor is a device used to sustain a controlled fission nuclear chain reaction. They are used for commercial electricity, marine propulsion
Nuclear_reactor
Military unit
Squadron maintains U.S. tactical nuclear weapons for use by Belgian aircraft in wartime under the NATO Nuclear sharing policy. The Flying Group comprises
10th_Tactical_Wing
State of two powers having similar nuclear capabilities
Nuclear parity is a situation where opposing superpowers have comparable and roughly equal strategic nuclear weapons capabilities. The expiration of the
Nuclear_parity
There are four nuclear power plants in Ukraine but one of them, Zaporizhzhia, is now occupied and claimed by Russia and shutdown. The 15 reactors total
Nuclear_power_in_Ukraine
Airport in Brescia, Italy
Air Force Colonel Luca Maineri. Air bases with US nuclear weapon vaults in Europe per nuclear sharing: Aviano Air Base, Italy Büchel Air Base, Germany
Ghedi_Air_Base
Treaty against nuclear weapons in the South Pacific
Rarotonga is the common name for the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty, which formalises a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the South Pacific. The treaty
Treaty_of_Rarotonga
Controlled detonation of nuclear weapons for scientific or political purposes
Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine the performance of nuclear weapons and the effects of their explosion. Over 2,000 nuclear
Nuclear_weapons_testing
Pre-war figures Pre-war figures See: NATO nuclear sharing Israel neither confirms nor denies possession of nuclear weapons Taiwan's political status is disputed
List of countries by level of military equipment
List_of_countries_by_level_of_military_equipment
Nuclear weapon
Korda, Matt; Johns, Eliana; Knight, Mackenzie (2 November 2023). "Nuclear weapons sharing, 2023". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 79 (6): 393–406. Bibcode:2023BuAtS
Nuclear_gravity_bomb
Vietnam suspended its nuclear power plans. In 2022 industry and trade minister Nguyen Hong Dien announced that developing nuclear power is an “inevitable
Nuclear_power_in_Vietnam
National laboratory in Albuquerque, New Mexico
development laboratories of the United States Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). Headquartered in Kirtland Air Force Base
Sandia_National_Laboratories
NATO program for weapons development cooperation
in NATO's nuclear policy. That same year, the first U.S. nuclear weapons arrived in Europe, marking a crucial step in NATO's nuclear sharing arrangements
Mutual Weapons Development Program
Mutual_Weapons_Development_Program
Presence of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Belarus
nuclear weapons in Belarus. On 26 March 2023, Putin announced that Russia would station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus under a nuclear sharing agreement
Russian military presence in Belarus
Russian_military_presence_in_Belarus
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