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Logical fallacy
categorical syllogism that assert a negative premise must have a negative conclusion. Negative conclusion from affirmative premises, in which a syllogism is invalid
Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
Affirmative_conclusion_from_a_negative_premise
In logic, a type of syllogistic fallacy
Negative conclusion from affirmative premises is a syllogistic fallacy committed when a categorical syllogism has a negative conclusion yet both premises
Negative conclusion from affirmative premises
Negative_conclusion_from_affirmative_premises
Logical fallacy in syllogisms
negative Negative conclusion from affirmative premises, in which a syllogism is invalid because the conclusion is negative yet the premises are affirmative Goodman
Fallacy_of_exclusive_premises
conclusion. Negative conclusion from affirmative premises (illicit affirmative) – a categorical syllogism has a negative conclusion but affirmative premises
List_of_fallacies
Logic founded on unproven premises
assuming the conclusion (Latin: petitio principii) is an informal fallacy that occurs when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion. Historically
Begging_the_question
Informal fallacy
Argument from ignorance (Latin: argumentum ad ignorantiam), or appeal to ignorance, is an informal fallacy where something is claimed to be true or false
Argument_from_ignorance
Logical fallacy of inconsistency
a grand scale as a result of relentlessly negative news. If everything and everyone is portrayed negatively, there's a leveling effect that opens the
False_equivalence
Type of fallacious argument (logical fallacy)
this argument form is with a counterexample with true premises but an obviously false conclusion. For example: If someone lives in San Diego, then they
Affirming_the_consequent
Logical fallacy in which the conclusion provides the premise
pragmatic defect in an argument whereby the premises are just as much in need of proof or evidence as the conclusion. As a consequence, the argument becomes
Circular_reasoning
Logical reasoning method
argument from analogy, including the relevance (positive or negative) of the known similarities to the similarity inferred in the conclusion, the degree
Argument_from_analogy
Informal logical fallacy
when the arguer satisfies the following conditions: not publicly retreating from the initial, falsified a posteriori assertion offering a modified assertion
No_true_Scotsman
Formal fallacy about knowledge of objects
Conclusion: Therefore, Claus is not the masked man. The premises may be true, yet the conclusion is false if Claus is the masked man and the speaker does
Masked-man_fallacy
Overused, unoriginal phrase or opinion
abstraction that relies upon analogy or exaggeration for effect, often drawn from everyday experience. Used sparingly, it may succeed, but the use of a cliché
Cliché
Fallacy regarding hypocrisy
membership required.) "Fallacy: Ad Hominem Tu Quoque". Nizkor project. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2015. Walton, Douglas
Tu_quoque
Logical fallacy
where the premises are in the green box and the conclusion is indicated above them. B is the middle term (because it appears in both premises), and it
Fallacy of the undistributed middle
Fallacy_of_the_undistributed_middle
Conclusion made on the basis of one or few instances of a phenomenon
fallacies of defective induction, the premises are related to the conclusions, yet only weakly buttress the conclusions, hence a faulty generalization is
Faulty_generalization
Argument that uses faulty reasoning
where the conclusion does not follow from the premises. Material fallacies are not logical errors because the conclusion follows from the premises. He then
Fallacy
Question containing an unjustified assumption
admitted to beating his wife. This informal fallacy should be distinguished from that of begging the question, which offers a premise whose plausibility depends
Loaded_question
Attacking the person rather than their argument
argument since that particular phrase is not a premise that leads to a conclusion. While Hamblin's criticism was not widely accepted, Canadian philosopher
Ad_hominem
Informal logical fallacy
Argument from incredulity, also known as argument from personal incredulity, appeal to common sense, or the divine fallacy, is a fallacy in informal logic
Argument_from_incredulity
Fallacy of inferring on the whole from a part
fallacy that arises when one infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some part of the whole. A trivial example might
Fallacy_of_composition
Fallacious approach to mislead an audience
fallacy or a literary device that leads readers or audiences toward a false conclusion. A red herring may be used intentionally, as in mystery fiction or as
Red_herring
Mistakenly drawing statistical inference from independent events
tails has become a more likely outcome. This is a rational and Bayesian conclusion, bearing in mind the possibility that the coin may not be fair; it is
Gambler's_fallacy
Internet adage about Nazi comparisons
parallels between Donald Trump's 2024 candidacy and Hitler's progression from fringe figure to Great Dictator, we aren't joking. Those of us who hope to
Godwin's_law
Formal fallacy that occurs when a syllogism has four (or more) terms
round. Conclusion: Balloons are dangerous. Notice that there are four terms: "weapon", "dangerous", "balloon", and "round". The two premises do not connect
Fallacy_of_four_terms
Type of informal fallacy
but the prized bailey would be that scientific knowledge is no different from other widely accepted beliefs, implying that truth and reality play no role
Motte-and-bailey_fallacy
Type of trolling or harassment
origination to other terms derived from comic strips that became common speech such as Brainiac (1958 comic book) and Milquetoast (from the 1924 comic strip). Maclean's
Sealioning
Formal fallacy, aka Linda Problem
make this kind of judgment: Option 2 seems more "representative" of Linda from the description of her, even though it is clearly mathematically less likely
Conjunction_fallacy
Form of incorrect argument in natural language
involve false or unjustified premises, and fallacies of relevance, in which the premises are not relevant to the conclusion despite appearances otherwise
Informal_fallacy
Management attitude for innovation or development
tendency to avoid using or buying products, research, standards, or knowledge from external origins. It is usually adopted by social, corporate, or institutional
Not_invented_here
Type of formal fallacy
medieval categorical syllogism because it has two universal premises and a particular conclusion with no assumption that at least one member of the class
Existential_fallacy
Logical fallacy
valid logical deduction of the claim from the evidence. When used in the inductive method, which implies the conclusions can not be proven with certainty
Argument_from_authority
Fallacy of claiming the majority is always correct
appeal to popularity appeal to the majority appeal to the masses argument from consensus authority of the many bandwagon fallacy common belief fallacy democratic
Argumentum_ad_populum
Form of incorrect argument and informal fallacy
rather than their argument Begging the question – Logic founded on unproven premises Devil's advocate – Figure of speech and former official position within
Straw_man
Informal fallacy
may take the forms of: Creation of an ad-hoc exception to prevent the rule from backfiring against the claim: Example: Everyone has a duty to help the police
Special_pleading
Type of informal fallacy
scientists to inform the public, however, can be stymied by contrasting claims from others both rousing alarm and touting assurances of protecting the public
Moralistic_fallacy
Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion
An argument is one or more premises—sentences, statements, or propositions—directed towards arriving at a logical conclusion. The purpose of an argument
Argument
Fallacy
Solving from Nature - PPSN IV: International Conference on Evolutionary Computation. The 4th International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature
Fallacy_of_division
Statistical fallacy
translated from their original Middle French versions, in which their historical context is often lost, and then applied to support the erroneous conclusion that
Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy
Idea that everyone faces consequence as they deserve
just-world fallacy in the context of social psychological inquiry into negative social and societal interactions. Lerner saw his work as extending Stanley
Just-world_fallacy
Logic error due to ignoring the base rate
certain norms of probabilistic reasoning, such as Bayes' theorem. The conclusion drawn from this line of research was that human probabilistic thinking is fundamentally
Base_rate_fallacy
Exclusive reliance on quantitative observations in decision-making
quantitative fallacy), named for Robert McNamara, the U.S. Secretary of Defense from 1961 to 1968, involves making a decision based solely on quantitative observations
McNamara_fallacy
Fallacy of assumption of causation based on sequence of events
correlation sometimes appears to suggest causality. The fallacy lies in a conclusion based solely on the order of events, rather than taking into account other
Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc
Philosophical expression
then another wrong will cancel it out. Speaker A: You shouldn't embezzle from your employer. It's against the law. Speaker B: My employer cheats on their
Two_wrongs_don't_make_a_right
Distraction technique and anti-debate tactic
intensity is treated as a reason to reject an argument's premises, evidence, or conclusion. The notion of tone policing became widespread in U.S. social
Tone_policing
Type of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning
Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise: If either premise is negative, the conclusion must also be. Negative conclusion from affirmative premises: If
Syllogism
Logical fallacy in which a thesis is deemed correct on the basis of tradition
Catholics". A close relative/variant of the appeal to tradition is the argument from inertia or appeal to inertia (sometimes called "Stay the Course"), which
Appeal_to_tradition
Logical fallacy
arguments that assert a conclusion's truth value (true or false) without regard to the formal preservation of the truth from the premises; appeal to consequences
Appeal_to_consequences
Fallacy of treating an abstraction as if it were a real thing
by definition, do not apply literally and thus exclude any fallacious conclusion that the formal reification is real. For example, the metaphor known as
Reification_(fallacy)
Informal fallacy involving falsely limited alternatives
of its premises ensures the truth of its conclusion. For a valid defeasible argument, on the other hand, it is possible for all its premises to be true
False_dilemma
Logical fallacy
statements that provide premises to support a conclusion. In the case of appeal to the stone, there is an explicit conclusion but it is likely not substantiated
Appeal_to_the_stone
Metaphor originating from goal sports
Moving the goalposts (or shifting the goalposts) is a metaphor, derived from goal-based sports such as football and hockey, that means to change the rule
Moving_the_goalposts
Evidence relying on personal testimony
of close peers. If an anecdote illustrates a desired conclusion rather than a logical conclusion, it is considered a faulty generalization. In medicine
Anecdotal_evidence
Type of logical fallacy
giant landmass into many different pieces. The element of ridicule arises from person B projecting an unstated assumption—that the only means of separating
Appeal_to_ridicule
Threat of force to make a conclusion accepted
bring about the acceptance of a conclusion. One participates in argumentum ad baculum when one emphasizes the negative consequences of holding the contrary
Argumentum_ad_baculum
Formal fallacy
Premise A is in set S1 Premise A is in set S2 Premise B is also in set S2 Conclusion Therefore, B is in set S1. Using first-order logic, this fallacy may be
Association_fallacy
Fallacy that since an argument contains a logical fallacy, its conclusion must be false
Argument from fallacy is the formal fallacy of analyzing an argument and inferring that, since it contains a fallacy, its conclusion must be false. It
Argument_from_fallacy
Bias towards recently acquired information
enabled push notifications for more frequent and consistent exposure. The conclusions were that the use of neighbourhood apps led to higher perceptions of
Availability_heuristic
Purported fallacy in explaining good reductively
premise—purely factual premises about the naturalistic features of things do not entail or even support evaluative conclusions." This problematic inference
Naturalistic_fallacy
Certain type of mistaken proof
derived by incorrect lines of reasoning. Such an argument, however true the conclusion appears to be, is mathematically invalid and is commonly known as a howler
Mathematical_fallacy
Misleading use of a term with multiple meanings
two different things by the same name") is an informal fallacy resulting from the failure to define one's terms, or knowingly and deliberately using words
Equivocation
Internet rage incitement technique
their opponents, while social media algorithms reward both positive and negative engagement, inadvertently encouraging such behavior. The broader concept
Rage-baiting
Apparent, but false, correlation between causally-independent variables
this control culture will die as well, so that no conclusion of efficacy of the drug can be drawn from the results of the first culture. On the other hand
Spurious_relationship
Type of informal fallacy
not be confused with formal fallacy, an argument whose conclusion does not follow from its premises; instead, it is that despite its formal consistency it
Irrelevant_conclusion
Informal fallacy in comparing actualities with ideals
(fallacious) We should not place a ban on panhandlers on our business' premises. People will still beg on our property. Rebuttal While a ban will not reduce
Nirvana_fallacy
Faulty deductive reasoning due to a logical flaw
its logical structure (the logical relationship between the premises and the conclusion). A formal fallacy is contrasted with an informal fallacy. A
Formal_fallacy
Assumption of a single cause where multiple factors may be necessary
Overdetermination – When a single effect has multiple sufficient causes Jumping to conclusions – Psychological term Essentialism – View that entities have identifying
Fallacy_of_the_single_cause
Idea that a concept is ill-defined, and therefore cannot be discussed
H. A. (1909). "4: Thor. Sif, the Golden-haired". Myths of the Norsemen From the Eddas and Sagas. London: George G. Harrap & Company. pp. 59ff. Retrieved
Loki's_wager
Refutation of a logical fallacy
behind an argument is flawed does not necessarily imply that the resulting conclusion is false. Statistical methods have been proposed that use correlation
Correlation does not imply causation
Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
Formal fallacy of Bayesian inference
hypothesis that the dice have been rolled many times before. We can see this from the Bayesian update rule: letting U denote the unlikely outcome of the random
Inverse_gambler's_fallacy
Error in numerical data
tenths of a unit of measurement, results of calculations using data obtained from that instrument can only be confidently stated to the tenths place, regardless
False_precision
Logical fallacy
1999". CNN. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024. Bernstein, Michael André (1994). "Foregone Conclusions". University of California
Reductio_ad_Hitlerum
Logical paradox from vague predicates
So the argument, although seeming valid and with plausible premises, has a false conclusion, which makes it a paradox, according to a popular (though not
Sorites_paradox
were a single, internally consistent entity. This leads to the false conclusion that the group or dataset holds contradictory beliefs or characteristics
Muhammad_Wang_fallacy
Assertion without proof
that the Secretary of Transportation's "statement of the reasons for his conclusion that the requirements are practicable is not so inherently plausible that
Ipse_dixit
Methods of mind manipulation, often based on logical fallacies
hearers to denounce. The method is intended to provoke conclusions about a matter apart from impartial examinations of facts. Name-calling is thus a
Propaganda_techniques
Logical fallacy
as a form of sophism. The term comes from the late Middle English word meaning 'beautiful', itself coming from the Latin word 'speciosus' meaning 'fair'
Specious_reasoning
Argument based on lack of statements
To make an argument from silence (Latin: argumentum ex silentio) is to express a conclusion that is based on the absence of statements in historical documents
Argument_from_silence
Logical fallacy
good reason to establish their conclusions, even if their premises are true. The name denying the antecedent derives from the premise "not P", which denies
Denying_the_antecedent
Informal logical fallacy
irrelevant to evaluating the truth of the conclusion and serve to distract from rational consideration of relevant premises or information. For instance, if a
Appeal_to_emotion
Formal fallacy in statistical interpretation
score than a negative one (as long as there are more negative scores than positive scores an individual is more likely to have a negative score). Similarly
Ecological_fallacy
Fallacy in which a word's history defines its meaning
etymological fallacy becomes possible when a word's meaning shifts over time from its original meaning. Such changes can include a narrowing or widening of
Etymological_fallacy
Unclear communication
by an editor. Etymologically, the word obfuscation derives from the Latin obfuscatio, from obfuscāre (to darken); synonyms include the words beclouding
Obfuscation
Discussion that has continued to the point of nausea
contradicted is also called argumentum ad infinitum (to infinity) and argument from repetition. The term is defined by the American Heritage Dictionary as "to
Ad_nauseam
Question that has a built-in supposition
premise no more plausible than, and often just a restatement of, the conclusion. Closely connected with [petitio principii] is the fallacy of the Complex
Complex_question
Rhetorical tactic and potential fallacy
judgment. An appeal to nature would thus beg the question, because the conclusion is entailed by the premise. Opinions differ regarding appeal to nature
Appeal_to_nature
Rhetorical argument
type of negative reasoning from consequences, distinguished by the presence of a causal chain leading from the proposed action to the negative outcome
Slippery_slope
Informal fallacy
known as an argument to the purse, is the informal fallacy of drawing conclusions based on the speaker's financial status. The term generally refers to
Argumentum_ad_crumenam
Type of informal fallacy
definitions (be it true or false) that prevent disagreement (or enforce affirmative position). Any claims without first agreeing with the above definitions
Poisoning_the_well
Rhetorical cliché phrase
Ethicist Jack Marshall wrote in 2005 that the phrase's popularity stems from its capacity to stunt rationality, particularly discourse on morals. "Think
Think_of_the_children
Branch of logic
sentences, called the premises, and a sentence, called the conclusion. The conclusion is claimed to follow from the premises, and the premises are claimed to
Propositional_logic
Logical fallacy
incorrectly identified. In other words, it is a fallacy of reaching a conclusion that one thing caused another, simply because they are regularly associated
Questionable_cause
Informal fallacy that the truth is always a compromise
argumentum ad temperantiam)—also known as the false compromise, argument from middle ground, fallacy of gray, middle ground fallacy, or golden mean fallacy—is
Argument_to_moderation
Credit for a work given to the wrong person
1768652. "Deception Detection Deficiency". Media Watch. 2009-09-27. Archived from the original on 2021-12-16. Retrieved 2023-12-06. McGlone, Matthew S. (2005)
False_attribution
Type of uncertainty of meaning where several interpretations are possible
intentionally adding) ambiguity in arguments because it can lead to incorrect conclusions and can be used to deliberately conceal bad arguments. For example, a
Ambiguity
Statement supporting a conclusion
distinctions concern whether premises appear as first or intermediate steps in complex arguments, whether they are affirmative or negative, whether they are descriptive
Premise
Bias in the sampling of a population
population is selected from a hospital and so is less healthy than the general population. This can result in a spurious negative correlation between diseases:
Sampling_bias
Statement regarding whether or not an item belongs to a category
possible qualities are called affirmative and negative. For instance, an A-proposition ("All S are P") is affirmative since it states that the subject
Categorical_proposition
View of past as inferior to the present
fashions do? If the latter, this tells us nothing about its truth or falsehood. From seeing this, one passes to the realization that our own age is also "a period
Chronological_snobbery
Fallacy where validity is determined by origin
claim on its merit. The first criterion of a good argument is that the premises must have bearing on the truth or falsity of the claim in question. Genetic
Genetic_fallacy
NEGATIVE CONCLUSION-FROM-AFFIRMATIVE-PREMISES
NEGATIVE CONCLUSION-FROM-AFFIRMATIVE-PREMISES
NEGATIVE CONCLUSION-FROM-AFFIRMATIVE-PREMISES
NEGATIVE CONCLUSION-FROM-AFFIRMATIVE-PREMISES
NEGATIVE CONCLUSION-FROM-AFFIRMATIVE-PREMISES
NEGATIVE CONCLUSION-FROM-AFFIRMATIVE-PREMISES
NEGATIVE CONCLUSION-FROM-AFFIRMATIVE-PREMISES
NEGATIVE CONCLUSION-FROM-AFFIRMATIVE-PREMISES
NEGATIVE CONCLUSION-FROM-AFFIRMATIVE-PREMISES